1. Compare Open source software and Paid License Software .
Ans. 1. Open source is developed by people who have access to the source code. In fact users who know how can read it and develop either plugins or patches which solve problems the original might have, and in fact it could be incorporated into later versions of the original. 1. License software is often written by people with only limited access to the code they will run on. Microsoft especially protects its source code from many people who develop for their os. This leads to inherent inefficiencies as people who do License code are often forced by commercial interests to reinvent the wheel.
2. Open Source code is usually developed to be USEFUL. The projects which succeed address real needs and garbage like Vista's Aero which requires so much computing power was clearly inspired by Linux's Compiz/Fusion which runs on old Dells. I am not a fan of Compiz/Fusion but its success in the Linux community went far beyond what people think of as the Linux community if they are not a part of it. 2. License software is generally designed from the perspective of what will appeal to consumers. Thus loved programs will be discontinued while programs which serve no useful purpose (WGA) will be pushed heavily.
3. Open source is not always free but it usually is available free -- not as a trial -- in one form or another because the code will be released that way. License software costs more and usually has a shorter support schedule.
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2. Software development mode.
Ans. The development models are the various processes or methodologies that are being selected for the development of the project depending on the project’s aims and goals. There are many development life cycle models that have been developed in order to achieve different required objectives. The models specify the various stages of the process and the order in which they are carried out.
The selection of model has very high impact on the testing that is carried out. It will define the what, where and when of our planned testing, influence regression testing and largely determines which test techniques to use.
There are various Software development models or methodologies. They are as follows:
Choosing right model for developing of the software product or application is very important. Based on the model the development and testing processes are carried out.
Different companies based on the software application or product, they select the type of development model whichever suits to their application. But these days in market the ‘Agile Methodology’ is the most used model. ‘Waterfall Model’ is the very old model. In ‘Waterfall Model’ testing starts only after the development is completed. Because of which there are many defects and failures which are reported at the end. So,the cost of fixing these issues are high. Hence, these days people are preferring ‘Agile Model’. In ‘Agile Model’ after every sprint there is a demo-able feature to the customer. Hence customer can see the features whether they are satisfying their need or not.
‘V-model’ is also used by many of the companies in their product. ‘V-model’ is nothing but ‘Verification’ and ‘Validation’ model. In ‘V-model’ the developer’s life cycle and tester’s life cycle are mapped to each other. In this model testing is done side by side of the development.
Likewise ‘Incremental model’, ‘RAD model’, ‘Iterative model’ and ‘Spiral model’ are also used based on the requirement of the customer and need of the product.
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3. Describe 5 linux distributors
Ans.
1: Mint Linux:
Linux Mint is a 32- and 64-bit Linux distribution for desktop computers, based on either Ubuntu or Debian. Its stated aim is to be a "modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use." Mint provides full out-of-the-box multimedia support by including some proprietary software such as Adobe Flash. Mint's motto is "from freedom came elegance".
2: Mageia:
Mageia is a Linux computer operating system, distributed as free and open source software. It is forked from the Mandriva Linux distribution.
The first release of the software distribution, Mageia 1, took place in June 2011
3: Ubuntu:
Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating system, with Unity as its default desktop environment (GNOME was the previous desktop environment). It is based on free software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness"), which often is translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity
4: Fedora:
Fedora is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and owned by Red Hat. Fedora contains software distributed under a free and open source license and aims to be on the leading edge of such technologies
Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, uses Fedora on all his computers.
5: Debian:
Debian is an operating system composed of free software mostly carrying the GNU General Public License, and developed by an Internet collaboration of volunteers aligned with the Debian Project. It is one of the most popular Linux distributions for personal computers and network servers, and has been used as a base for other Linux distributions.
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4. Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows?
1. Privileges
Linux systems are by no means infallible, but one of their key advantages lies in the way account privileges are assigned. In Windows, users are generally given administrator access by default, which means they pretty much have access to everything on the system, even its most crucial parts. So, then, do viruses. It's like giving terrorists high-level government positions.
With Linux, on the other hand, users do not usually have such "root" privileges; rather, they're typically given lower-level accounts. What that means is that even if a Linux system is compromised, the virus won't have the root access it would need to do damage systemwide; more likely, just the user's local files and programs would be affected. That can make the difference between a minor annoyance and a major catastrophe in any business setting.
2. Social Engineering
Viruses and worms often spread by convincing computer users to do something they shouldn't, like open attachments that carry viruses and worms. This is called social engineering, and it's all too easy on Windows systems. Just send out an e-mail with a malicious attachment and a subject line like, "Check out these adorable puppies!"--or the porn equivalent--and some proportion of users is bound to click without thinking. The result? An open door for the attached malware, with potentially disastrous consequences organizationwide.
Thanks to the fact that most Linux users don't have root access, however, it's much harder to accomplish any real damage on a Linux system by getting them to do something foolish. Before any real damage could occur, a Linux user would have to read the e-mail, save the attachment, give it executable permissions and then run the executable. Not very likely, in other words.
3. The Monoculture Effect
However you want to argue the exact numbers, there's no doubt that Microsoft Windows still dominates most of the computing world. In the realm of e-mail, so too do Outlook and Outlook Express. And therein lies a problem: It's essentially a monoculture, which is no better in technology than it is in the natural world. Just as genetic diversity is a good thing in the natural world because it minimizes the deleterious effects of a deadly virus, so a diversity of computing environments helps protect users.
Fortunately, a diversity of environments is yet another benefit that Linux offers. There's Ubuntu, there's Debian, there's Gentoo, and there are many other distributions. There are also many shells, many packaging systems, and many mail clients; Linux even runs on many architectures beyond just Intel. So, whereas a virus can be targeted squarely at Windows users, since they all use pretty much the same technology, reaching more than a small faction of Linux users is much more difficult. Who wouldn't want to give their company that extra layer of assurance?
4. Audience Size
Hand-in-hand with this monoculture effect comes the not particularly surprising fact that the majority of viruses target Windows, and the desktops in your organization are no exception. Millions of people all using the same software make an attractive target for malicious attacks.
5. How Many Eyeballs
"Linus' Law"--named for Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux--holds that, "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." What that means is that the larger the group of developers and testers working on a set of code, the more likely any flaws will be caught and fixed quickly. This, in other words, is essentially the polar opposite of the "security through obscurity" argument.
With Windows, it's a limited set of paid developers who are trying to find problems in the code. They adhere to their own set timetables, and they don't generally tell anyone about the problems until they've already created a solution, leaving the door open to exploits until that happens. Not a very comforting thought for the businesses that depend on that technology.
In the Linux world, on the other hand, countless users can see the code at any time, making it more likely that someone will find a flaw sooner rather than later. Not only that, but users can even fix problems themselves. Microsoft may tout its large team of paid developers, but it's unlikely that team can compare with a global base of Linux user-developers around the globe. Security can only benefit through all those extra "eyeballs."
Once again, none of this is to say that Linux is impervious; no operating system is. And there are definitely steps Linux users should take to make their systems as secure as possible, such as enabling a firewall, minimizing the use of root privileges, and keeping the system up to date. For extra peace of mind there are also virus scanners available for Linux, including ClamAV. These are particularly good measures for small businesses, which likely have more at stake than individual users do.
It's also worth noting that security firm Secunia recently declared that Apple products have more security vulnerabilities than any others--including Microsoft's.
Either way, however, when it comes to security, there's no doubt that Linux users have a lot less to worry about.
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